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Syllabus

EN IT

Learning Objectives

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
- Obtain a comprehensive understanding of econometric methodologies used in policy evaluations.

-Learn how to define, identify, and estimate causal effects in the context of policy evaluations.

-Explore the connections between econometrics and causal inference in statistics and understand how these concepts relate to each other.

-Develop practical skills in using the R software for econometric analysis of policy evaluations.

-Discuss the latest research developments in methodological causal inference.

KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING:

Learning an advanced statistical and econometric approach.

APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING:

-Apply knowledge and understanding of the estimation techniques by utilizing microdata in policy evaluation scenarios.
-Applications will be based on widely recognized welfare programs.
-Develop skills in using the following software: R.

MAKING JUDGEMENTS:

-Develop microdata analysis skills useful for preparing research projects.

COMMUNICATION SKILLS:

-Learn to present facts, analyze data, and address economic problems rigorously for both specialist and non-specialist audiences.

LEARNING SKILLS:

-By the end of the course, students will be able to define, identify, and estimate causal estimands in the context of policy evaluations.
-Apply these research techniques to independently develop research projects and ideas.

Prerequisites

Econometrics and Statistics.

Program

One of the central applications of economics is the evaluation of policies and interventions. Causal analysis allows economists to move beyond statistical associations and investigate how outcomes would change under alternative policies or interventions. This is essential for designing effective policies, supporting economic decisions, and evaluating competing explanations of observed economic phenomena.
The course adopts the potential outcomes framework and emphasizes the distinction between causal estimands, identification assumptions, estimators, and inferential procedures. It combines the statistical tradition, which takes randomized experiments and chance-based assignment mechanisms as its starting point, with the econometric tradition, which studies settings in which treatments and economic variables may be determined by individual choices, institutional rules, or market mechanisms.
The course covers randomized experiments, observational studies under unconfoundedness, treatment endogeneity, partial identification, quasi-experimental designs, and settings with interference and spillover effects. Particular attention is devoted to the credibility and interpretation of the assumptions required by each research design, as well as to their empirical implementation using R.
The first part introduces the potential outcomes framework and methods for randomized experiments.
The second part considers observational studies under unconfoundedness, including regression, propensity-score methods, weighting, doubly robust estimation, and matching.
The third part examines treatment endogeneity, partial identification, instrumental variables, regression discontinuity designs, and difference-in-differences.
The final part extends the analysis to spillovers and interference in randomized experiments and observational studies.
Foundations of Causal Inference and Randomized Experiments
Approximately 8 hours
• Potential outcomes framework, causal estimands, and SUTVA
• Assignment mechanisms and main randomized designs
• Fisher Randomization Tests and permutation tests
• Neyman design-based inference and conservative variance estimation
• Horvitz-Thompson estimators and imputation methods
Stratification and Regression Adjustment in Randomized Experiments
Approximately 5 hours
• Stratified randomized experiments and conditional inference
• Covariate balance and stratified estimation
• Regression adjustment and Lin's estimator
• Design-based and sampling-based uncertainty
• Finite populations, superpopulations, and internal and external validity
Observational Studies under Unconfoundedness
Approximately 7 hours
• Selection bias, unconfoundedness, overlap, and identification through the g-formula
• Outcome regression and propensity-score methods
• Inverse probability weighting and doubly robust estimation
• Overlap and balance diagnostics; trimming and truncation
• Matching with replacement
Instrumental Variables, Treatment Endogeneity, Partial Identification, and Quasi-Experimental Designs
Approximately 10 hours
• Treatment non-compliance, instrumental variables, and Local Average Treatment Effects
• Assumption-free bounds
• Monotone restrictions
• Sharp Regression Discontinuity Designs: identification and local polynomial estimation
• Bandwidth selection and robust bias-corrected inference
• Testing and diagnostics for RDD validity
• Difference-in-Differences: parallel trends, event-study specifications, and extensions
Spillovers and Interference: Randomized Experiments and Observational Studies
Approximately 6 hours
• Interference, spillover effects, and exposure mappings
• Causal estimands under partial and network interference
• Direct, indirect, total, and overall effects
• Two-stage randomized experiments and randomization-based estimators
• IPW estimators and applications to clusters and social networks

Books

The course does not follow a single textbook. The following books provide the main references for the lectures:
• Ding, P. (2023). A First Course in Causal Inference.
Web page: https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.18793
• Imbens, G. W., & Rubin, D. B. (2015). Causal Inference for Statistics, Social, and Biomedical Sciences: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press.
Web page: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/causal-inference-for-statistics-social-and-biomedical-sciences/71126BE90C58F1A431FE9B2DD07938AB
• Cattaneo, M. D., Idrobo, N., & Titiunik, R. (2019). A Practical Introduction to Regression Discontinuity Designs: Foundations. Cambridge University Press.

Bibliography

SUGGESTED READINGS
The following references complement the main textbooks. Specific readings will be indicated during the course.
• Abadie, A., & Imbens, G. W. (2006). Large sample properties of matching estimators for average treatment effects. Econometrica, 74, 235-267.
• Abadie, A., & Imbens, G. W. (2008). On the failure of the bootstrap for matching estimators. Econometrica, 76, 1537-1557.
• Abadie, A., & Imbens, G. W. (2011). Bias-corrected matching estimators for average treatment effects. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 29, 1-11.
• Abadie, A., Athey, S., Imbens, G. W., & Wooldridge, J. M. (2020). Sampling-based versus design-based uncertainty in regression analysis. Econometrica, 88, 265-296.
• Angrist, J. D., Imbens, G. W., & Rubin, D. B. (1996). Identification of causal effects using instrumental variables. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 91, 444-455.
• Aronow, P. M., & Samii, C. (2017). Estimating average causal effects under general interference, with application to a social network experiment. Annals of Applied Statistics, 11, 1912-1947.
• Athey, S., & Imbens, G. W. (2017). The econometrics of randomized experiments. In Handbook of Economic Field Experiments, Vol. 1, 73-140.
• Calonico, S., Cattaneo, M. D., & Titiunik, R. (2014). Robust nonparametric confidence intervals for regression-discontinuity designs. Econometrica, 82, 2295-2326.
• Cattaneo, M. D., Idrobo, N., & Titiunik, R. (2024). A Practical Introduction to Regression Discontinuity Designs: Extensions. Cambridge University Press.
• Crump, R. K., Hotz, V. J., Imbens, G. W., & Mitnik, O. A. (2009). Dealing with limited overlap in estimation of average treatment effects. Biometrika, 96, 187-199.
• Dehejia, R. H., & Wahba, S. (1999). Causal effects in nonexperimental studies: Reevaluating the evaluation of training programs. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94, 1053-1062.
• DiTraglia, F. J. Lecture Notes on Treatment Effects, or Completely Innocuous Econometrics.
Web page: https://www.treatment-effects.com/treatment-effects.pdf
• Fisher, R. A. (1935). The Design of Experiments. Oliver and Boyd.
• Forastiere, L., Airoldi, E. M., & Mealli, F. (2021). Identification and estimation of treatment and interference effects in observational studies on networks. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 116(534), 901-918.
• Gelman, A., & Imbens, G. W. (2019). Why high-order polynomials should not be used in regression discontinuity designs. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 37, 447-456.
• Hahn, J., Todd, P., & Van der Klaauw, W. (2001). Identification and estimation of treatment effects with a regression-discontinuity design. Econometrica, 69, 201-209.
• Hernán, M. A., & Robins, J. M. (2020). Causal Inference: What If. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
Web page: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/miguel-hernan/causal-inference-book/
• Holland, P. W. (1986). Statistics and causal inference. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 81, 945-960.
• Hudgens, M. G., & Halloran, M. E. (2008). Toward causal inference with interference. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 103(482), 832-842.
• Imbens, G. W. (2004). Nonparametric estimation of average treatment effects under exogeneity: A review. Review of Economics and Statistics, 86, 4-29.
• Imbens, G. W. (2022). Causality in econometrics: Choice vs chance. Econometrica, 90(6), 2541-2566.
• Imbens, G. W., & Angrist, J. D. (1994). Identification and estimation of local average treatment effects. Econometrica, 62, 467-475.
• LaLonde, R. J. (1986). Evaluating the econometric evaluations of training programs with experimental data. American Economic Review, 76, 604-620.
• Lin, W. (2013). Agnostic notes on regression adjustments to experimental data: Reexamining Freedman's critique. Annals of Applied Statistics, 7, 295-318.
• Manski, C. F. (1990). Nonparametric bounds on treatment effects. American Economic Review, 80, 319-323.
• Manski, C. F. (2003). Partial Identification of Probability Distributions. Springer.
• Manski, C. F., & Pepper, J. V. (2000). Monotone instrumental variables: With an application to the returns to schooling. Econometrica, 68, 997-1010.
• Neyman, J. (1923/1990). On the application of probability theory to agricultural experiments. Statistical Science, 5, 465-472.
• Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70, 41-55.
• Roth, J., Sant'Anna, P. H., Bilinski, A., & Poe, J. (2023). What's trending in difference-in-differences? A synthesis of the recent econometrics literature. Journal of Econometrics.
• Rubin, D. B. (1974). Estimating causal effects of treatments in randomized and nonrandomized studies. Journal of Educational Psychology, 66, 688-701.
• Vazquez-Bare, G. (2022). Identification and estimation of spillover effects in randomized experiments. Journal of Econometrics.

Teaching methods

Classroom Lectures;
Laboratory sessions, Exercises
Workshops and students discussions on specific projects assigned
Lessons focused on problem-solving
Analysis of referred readings and textbooks
Suggested articles and readings



Exam Rules

The grade will be expressed in 30/30.
To acquire the knowledge of the methodology and correctly interpret the results: written exam on theory and applications of the methodology with R. weight: 70%;
To improve the presentation skills and the ability to conduct an independent research project: Group work for a research project, weight: 30%.
Evaluation criteria
Failed: Significant deficiencies and/or inaccuracies in understanding the topics; limited abilities in analysis and synthesis, frequent generalizations.
18-20: Knowledge and understanding of the topics are barely sufficient with possible imperfections; adequate abilities in analysis, synthesis, and independent judgment.
21-23: Routine knowledge and understanding of the topics; correct abilities in analysis and synthesis with coherent logical reasoning.
24-26: Decent knowledge and understanding of the topics; good abilities in analysis and synthesis with rigorously expressed arguments.
27-29: Comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the topics; remarkable abilities in analysis, synthesis, and good independent judgment.
30-30L: Excellent level of knowledge and understanding of the topics. Outstanding abilities in analysis, synthesis, and independent judgment. Arguments expressed in an original manner.

Attendance Rules

Classroom Lectures, practices, and applications with R.